_fbq.loaded = true; A gasket or silicone seal must be used on the bottom of the injector. var scr = document.createElement("script"); adroll_email = "sales@dragparts.com.com"; if (!window.__adroll_loaded){__adroll_loaded=true;setTimeout(_onload, 50);return} (function(d, s, id) { Enderle Fuel Injection Australia | Linkage Kits | Fuel injectors Appointment Only. To lean the idle, reverse the procedure. Koehler - Enderle tunnel ram Fuel Injection. All engine nozzles comprise the fuel system jetting. (function(i,s,o,g,r,a,m){i['GoogleAnalyticsObject']=r;i[r]=i[r]||function(){ }(document, 'script', 'facebook-jssdk')); }; This product has to be used to be believed. If your injector was shipped directly from the factory, it should be set up for your application. PSI screw-blown 500 cubic-inch V8 engines on methanol report power levels over 4,000 horsepower, and methanol has other benefits. A set of bypass jets is furnished usually 6 to 8. Those power levels were measured by Dons special on-board dynamometer, installed on Connie Kalittas NHRA machines. We ship worldwide daily! Modern Disguise - A Guide to Vintage-Styled EFI Systems - Fuel Curve A typical installation would include: MFI fuel bypass jets control the fuel mixture to the engine. Economical, compact and extremely versatile. enderle fuel injection -fuel line installation | Yellow Bullet Forums We promise not to use your email address for anything but exclusive updates from the Power Automedia Network. Enderle Bug Catcher Fuel Injection mcsqL7 745 subscribers Subscribe 40 Share Save 29K views 12 years ago Changing the Nozzles and Fuel Pump out on a Bug Catcher. Use a # 6 line form the pump to the metering valve and for the return lines. js = d.createElement(s); js.id = id; else {window.attachEvent('onload', _onload)} Pressure gauges or transducers for data recording. If you dont have a leakdown tester, we sell a nice one with -6AN and -8AN fittings listed under Tools and tuning aids .You will need one eventually,,,,might as well quit fiddling around. Items and services provided by Koehler Injection are intended for off road use only. Koehler Injection stocks AN, JIC, hi flow flare fittings for tunnel ram, stack, blower fuel injection. fc-Pilot Village Idiot Joined Jan 3, 2008 3,619 Posts Good Vibrations has Been Empowering Racers Since 1989. Fuel goes through the barrel valve, then through fuel lines, directly to the intake system feeding each cylinder. Might get some info applicable to your set uo from the . For Sprint Cars, it is used as a secondary bypass at an elevated pressure for an increased surge of fuel as an accelerator pump out of the turns. var google_conversion_language = "en"; All logos and images are reserved. On normally-aspirated engines, a properly set up mechanical fuel injection system provides instant throttle response, which makes the system great for racing applications. scr.type = "text/javascript"; (function() { Zoomie Headers. In these setups, an oversized fuel pump delivers more fuel than the engine needs. .. 22.95. $659.06. fjs.parentNode.insertBefore(js, fjs); Setting up Unblown Engines - Enderle Tunnel Ram - Alkydigger > Smaller or no radiator required. var google_conversion_language = "en"; Hose ends with tubular bends should be used instead to avoid flow problems. Performance Distributors Keeps The Spark Alive With SOS, A New Diesel Piston That Increases Power And Reduces, Shop Tour: Brian Tooley Racing Expands To Be A One-Stop, Melling Offers New Timing Kits for Ford 4.6L and 5.4L SOHC, Reborn Retro Blower Packs Positive-Displacement Power For Fox, EngineLabs Tool Of The Month: Summit Racing Lb-In Torque, Why You Should NOT Emissions Delete Your Diesel, Can A Cold Air Intake Really Help Your Trucks, Ask The Expert: We Want Your Questions For Canton Racing, The Answers: DeatschWerks Responses To Your Fuel System, SEMA 2022: GEARWRENCH Leveled Up With Distinct Quality Hand, EngineLabs Tool Of The Month: Summit Racing AN Wrench, HOLY SHIP! Enderle Fuel Injection at Discounted Prices Enderle Fuel Injection Good Vibrations is the LARGEST authorized dealer in the world of Enderle Fuel Injection Products. Mechanical fuel injection works well for naturally-aspirated or forced-induction engines and handles most any type of fuel gas, ethanol blends, methanol, and even nitro blends. var google_conversion_label = "-DXeCK6WxgcQqNmu_QM"; offers maximum torque & HP, reaction time and repeat ETs. MFI systems with alcohol or nitro fuels, combined with forced induction can provide extremely high power levels. var host = (("https:" == document.location.protocol) ? lots of enderle fuel injection questions | Yellow Bullet Forums A typical used Hilborn intake with linkage and stacks . Mechanical linkage connects the butterflies to the barrel valve. Illustration of mechanical fuel injection expanded with the addition of an idle control circuit, barrel valve, and multiple nozzles feeding a throttle valve hat assembly. Performance Wholesale Australia is an authorised distributor of Enderle Fuel Injection products. METERING VALVE This metering system uses two return lines, each with a check valve. fbds.async = true; Koehler - Enderle Fuel Injection hoses and tubing if (!_fbq.loaded) { How to Rotate Your Enderle Fuel Pump - YouTube 0:00 / 1:40 How to Rotate Your Enderle Fuel Pump 15,766 views Aug 13, 2009 17 Dislike Share Save GoodVibrationsMotorsports 384. This basic system is shown in the next illustration. Spring pressure in the idle control valve sets the fuel volume as shown. The fuel system should be drained between races. When installing the bypass make sure it is seated at the bottom of the thread. if (document.readyState && !/loaded|complete/.test(document.readyState)){setTimeout(_onload, 10);return} Enderle - Fuel Injection Enterprises, LLC That's about a 7.1 GPM pump. var host = (("https:" == document.location.protocol) ? Docket Case disposed with disposition of Default judgment by court. _fbq.push(['addPixelId', '260825620774985']); Kits come with instructions to make assembly fast and easy. [Fuel Injection Service] [4 barrel fuel injection] [Enderle Nozzles-Jets] [Fuel Injection Tools] [Enderle Fuel . fbds.async = true; Will Call by var fbds = document.createElement('script'); var _onload = function(){ On top of a 1071 BDS Blower.. ga('send', 'pageview'); Site Map | Performance Products | Pre-Owned Parts | Press Releases | Technical | Photo Gallery | Special Events | Contact Us, We STOCK the following performance race products: Aeromotive, Billet Connection, The Blower Shop (TBS), Control Cable, Deist Safety, DJ Safety, Enderle Fuel Injection, FIE, IMI Hi-Torque, JAZ Products, Lucas Oil, Mallory Ignition, Milodon, Prolong, SCE Gaskets, System 1 Filters, Total Seal Rings, Wilwood and XRP Plumbing. A # 10 inlet line can be used with a 0 or a size pump, although a # 12 line will work with the smaller pumps also. var _fbq = window._fbq || (window._fbq = []); }()); var google_conversion_id = 1068215464; s.parentNode.insertBefore(fbds, s); Koehler-Enderle Fuel Injection Bypass Check Valves fittings document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0].parentNode).appendChild(scr); fuel injection enderle: Search Result | eBay if (d.getElementById(id)) return; For tuning, simple jetting changes control how much fuel enters each cylinder. Basically you are drowning the engine. else {window.attachEvent('onload', _onload)} window._fbq = window._fbq || []; What You Need To Know: Mechanical Fuel Injection Types And More Hours:Monday through Friday10am to 5pm CST Closed: Sat-Sun Closed: Holidays, 2023 Alkydigger.com All Rights Reserved, Since the idle mixture is controlled by the metering valve, the purpose of adjusting is to achieve a richer or leaner idle condition. adroll_email = "sales@dragparts.com.com"; 4011C31 . js = d.createElement(s); js.id = id; Waterman Sprint 700 Fuel Pump: 6.80 GPM. While methanol and nitromethane are common fuels, other fuels such as ethanol or race gas can also be used in mechanical fuel injection. Alcohol Barrel Valve. Lubricate your fuel injection pump, barrel valve, shutoff, check valves, butterfly shafts, cable linkage, electrical connections, Heim joints, any bare surface, etc. Mechanical fuel injection is easily configurable from small setups to very large power outputs. Details Magneto Kill-Switch Super safe and specially rated for reliable duty Details Fuel Return Manifold Our very own little manifold comes hard anodized and loaded with whatever fittings you need. Choose quantity in "view orders" or at "checkout" . Most of the components are hard anodized black for durability. Enderle Fuel Injection- Please school me! | The H.A.M.B. if (d.getElementById(id)) return; Email: sales@dragparts.com. In fact, MFI pioneer Stuart Hilborn of Hilborn Fuel Injection became the first driver to ever eclipse the 150 mile-per-hour mark at El Mirage Dry Lake in April of 1948 using a self-designed constant-flow mechanical fuel injector. }()); var google_conversion_id = 1068215464; Constant flow fuel injection is engine-air-controlled with one or more of the following: Engine fuel supply i scontrolled with the following: Understanding the basic layout of a fuel system, additional components make the mechanical fuel injection system useful. If you had a blower with 7 PSI of boost, that would be a decent combo. A gasket or silicone seal must be used on the bottom of the injector. Making a simple adjustment of idle speed on Enderle racing mechanical fuel injection hat. window._fbq.push(['track', 'PixelInitialized', {}]); document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0].parentNode).appendChild(scr); (function(d, s, id) { Using our tune up, detailed instructions and expertise you can be. var google_remarketing_only = false; Mechanical fuel injection works with a simple throttle-controlled air valve and a fuel pump, usually running at one-half engine speed. var google_remarketing_only = false; DISCOUNTED Mechanical Electronic Fuel Injection - Conversion - Hot Rod Magazine window._fbq = window._fbq || []; Will Call by Manifolds are available for rectangular- or cathedral-port LS cylinder heads. After pulling fuel from a vented fuel tank, the fuel is delivered through a barrel valve that controls the amount of fuel with the position of the air valve. from United States. Electronic controls modulate the duty cycle of electronic fuel injection for the throttle position and other factors. (function () { For idle-to-full-throttle drag racing, the fuel mixture is simple to control with jetting for maximum power. Each Enderle fuel injector is furnished with a set of bypass pills. if (!window.__adroll_loaded){__adroll_loaded=true;setTimeout(_onload, 50);return} var host = (("https:" == document.location.protocol) ? Any bypass jets (including the main bypass, high-speed bypass, pump saver or others) divert excess fuel away from these engine nozzles to maintain a proper air to fuel ratio. service, Enderle pump repair, nitrous oxide systems, NitrousCharger alcohol nitrous system featuring air operated solenoids, Nitrousmaster software, automotive machine shop and welding services in Urbana, IL. It is simple to tune: there are only one or two adjustments to make in the bypass circuit for tuning a well-developed system, with air-to-fuel ratio as a powerful parameter to guide precise tuning. The open, flared inlets smooth the intake airflow for more horsepower. This site has been created & maintained by Good Vibrations Motorsports. Enderle Tech Make Tech Selection . Simple high-speed bypass circuit used for trimming the fuel curve in mechanical fuel injection. Brand: Enderle Part Number: 71-1000 Alternate MPN: 711000 Warranty All text and material are copyright 1989-2023 by Good Vibrations Motorsports. (function(i,s,o,g,r,a,m){i['GoogleAnalyticsObject']=r;i[r]=i[r]||function(){ }; Enderle Products include: Blower Injectors, Big & Ugly Injectors, Tunnel Ram Injectors, Single B/Fly Injectors, Upright Injectors, Fuel Pumps & Components, Barrel Valves, Injector Hat Components & Filters, Nozzle Bodies & Jets, Hat Lines, Linkage Kits, Injector Hoses, Fittings, Shutoff Valves, Fuel Shut Off Kits, Priming Components, Injector All text and material are copyright 1989-2023 by Good Vibrations Motorsports. Enderle Fuel Injection CLAIM THIS BUSINESS 1830 VOYAGER AVE SIMI VALLEY, CA 93063 Get Directions (805) 526-3838 Business Info Founded 1966 Incorporated CA Annual Revenue $4,209,568.00 Employee Count 20 Industries Manufacturing - Fuel Systems And Parts, Motor Vehicle Contacts Kent H Enderle Contact Business Message Send Message Company Summary Each fuel injector is furnished with a set of bypass pills. var google_conversion_color = "ffffff"; Carb & Injector Linkage Kits - Goodvibesracing.com Double End Fat Arm 24.85, 4011B44 Long Double End Fat Arm .. 28.11, 4011B31 Long Double End Fat Arm 28.40, 401244 For 7/16" shafts . 19.95, 401231 For 5/16" shafts . 19.95, 11509 Carb lever bushing, for 660-750-850 holley 4.95, All Text and images on this website are copyrighted by David Koehler 2000 and beyond. damage, injury or loss resulting from their use. A strong advantage of MFI is its adaptability to different cylinder configurations. Enderle is an old school type company that has been great about helping me the couple of times I needed things from them, including custom length linkage rods and a quick turnaround flowing a fuel pump for an engine that was on the dyno. $3.59-4AN Pill Plug. if (window.addEventListener) {window.addEventListener('load', _onload, false);} Bob and Jennifer maintain a blog at their websites in addition to co-writing articles for various auto industry resources. We offer Koehler Enderle alcohol tunnel ram fuel injection, engine balancing, industrial, balancing, fuel injection flow bench service, Enderle pump repair, nitrous oxide. The fuel tank must be in front of the engine. TR What You Need To Know About Mechanical Fuel Injection - MotorTrend #2. var fbds = document.createElement('script'); Appointment Only. For supercharged methanol Enderle setups, I usually start with a 7 PSI idle check and 70% leakdown under 15% overdrive. js.src = "//connect.facebook.net/en_US/all.js#xfbml=1"; Sponsored. Use a smaller bypass to richen the fuel mixture and a larger bypass to lean it. Birds, Bugs, etc and Carbon Fiber Hats. Hours:Monday through Friday10am to 5pm CST Closed: Sat-Sun Closed: Holidays, 2023 Alkydigger.com All Rights Reserved, Setting Up Blown and Blow Through Engines, Enderle Fuel Injection Set Up and Plumbing Instructions, TBS BLOWERS - SUPERCHARGERS - DRIVES-- ACCESSORIES, MECHANICAL "HAT" INJECTORS - ENDERLE-HILBORN- JBR, MECHANICAL INJECTION MANIFOLDS - HILBORN-ENDERLE, ELECTRONIC FUEL INJECTION -PARTS-CONVERSIONS, Harmonic Balancers- Oil Pumps-Gear Drives-Crank supports- Jesel, TUNNEL RAM & SINGLE PLANE & COMPLETE SETUPS, Drives- Magneto , Fuel Pump , Distributor, ELECTRONIC FUEL INJECTION -PARTS-CONVERSION KITS. The worlds fastest supercharged doorslammerCamp and John Stanleys Daddys Caddyruns a mechanical fuel injection system from Rage Fuel Systems. Extra nozzles can be added for more fuel at the high end for ram air effects. fjs.parentNode.insertBefore(js, fjs); All Text and images on this website are copyrighted by David Koehler 2000, All sales are final. systems, NitrousCharger alcohol nitrous system featuring air operated solenoids, All sales are final. var _onload = function(){ m=s.getElementsByTagName(o)[0];a.async=1;a.src=g;m.parentNode.insertBefore(a,m) Maintaining the air/fuel ratio by changing the main bypass is a simple method that leaves the rest of the engine nozzles untouched. var js, fjs = d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0]; CHEVY ENDERLE Mechanical FUEL INJECTION - eBay Additionally, high-speed bypass jets come on when the engine reaches a certain engine speed. adroll_adv_id = "CUHVY3OLUVBZPJTAWUVLYM"; The linkage between the valve and the throttle shaft consists of a threaded turnbuckle, one end has a right-handed thread and the other has a left-handed thread. adroll_pix_id = "GGGXQ77VW5D5LL7AURJNOI"; s.parentNode.insertBefore(fbds, s); if (d.getElementById(id)) return; Works on blowers or tunnel Remove the inlet line from the metering valve and lubricate the metering piston to prevent stickiness and drying out. If your injector was shipped directly from Alkydigger, it should be set up for your application. var google_conversion_color = "ffffff"; sidesaddle. var _fbq = window._fbq || (window._fbq = []); js.src = "//connect.facebook.net/en_US/all.js#xfbml=1"; Products. Kinsler Fuel Injection - Manufacturing, Sales and Service One set is for the throttle body or hat (if so equipped), and the other set is for the manifold ports. Fuel is drawn from the surge tank by an engine-driven injector pump (5), which delivers the main fuel feed to the barrel valve (8) through a high-flow inline filter (6) and shutoff valve (7).. Enderle Fuel Injection Motor Vehicle Manufacturing Simi Valley, California 16 followers It is important to lubricate the fuel pump with LPS-3, WD-40, light oil or some other type of lubricant. Items and services provided by Koehler Injection are intended for off road use, No responsibility whatsoever will be accepted by Koehler Injection for any damage, injury or loss, We offer Koehler Enderle alcohol tunnel ram fuel injection, engine balancing, industrial balancing, fuel, injection flow bench service, Enderle pump repair, nitrous oxide systems, NitrousCharger alcohol nitrous, system featuring air operated solenoids, Nitrousmaster software, automotive machine shop and welding. fuel injection as a launch control doesn't work. var google_conversion_format = "2"; To richen the idle, adjust the turnbuckle so that the arm on the metering valve moves in the open throttle direction. The site aims to help racers get the most power and consistency from their engine setups. Enderle Fuel Injection - Performance Wholesale PTY LTD Hours:Monday through Friday10am to 5pm CST Closed: Sat-Sun Closed: Holidays, 2023 Alkydigger.com All Rights Reserved, INSTALLATION IN ENDERLE BLOWN ALCOHOL INJECTOR, Setting Up Blown and Blow Through Engines, Setting up Blown Alcohol Engines Enderle, TBS BLOWERS - SUPERCHARGERS - DRIVES-- ACCESSORIES, MECHANICAL "HAT" INJECTORS - ENDERLE-HILBORN- JBR, MECHANICAL INJECTION MANIFOLDS - HILBORN-ENDERLE, ELECTRONIC FUEL INJECTION -PARTS-CONVERSIONS, Harmonic Balancers- Oil Pumps-Gear Drives-Crank supports- Jesel, TUNNEL RAM & SINGLE PLANE & COMPLETE SETUPS, Drives- Magneto , Fuel Pump , Distributor, ELECTRONIC FUEL INJECTION -PARTS-CONVERSION KITS. This site has been created & maintained by Good Vibrations Motorsports. Enderle Fuel Injection - Simi Valley , CA - Business Data All sales are final. scr.src = host + "/j/roundtrip.js"; Alkydigger Fuel Injection-Superchargers-Ignitions: Enderle 80A Fuel (function(d, s, id) { For Dual While EFI has many more controllable features, at the same time, the cost and understanding of the technology for tuning is much greater. }(document, 'script', 'facebook-jssdk')); We are typically open M-F For most any configurationsuch as inline, V-style, opposing, or rotary enginesmechanical fuel injection can be easily adapted to the various different cylinder locations. For use with Bug, Bird or Buzzards. scr.setAttribute('async', 'true'); var js, fjs = d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0]; Location. 4011-32 1/4" ball x 10-32 3.95, 4012-32 w 1/4" ball x 10-32 7.95, 361-1 w safety pin .. 2.14, 371-1 1/2" thread length . .26, 371-2 3/4" thread length . .31, 372-2 10-24 or 32 stainless lock washer . .19, 373-1 10-24 stainless nut RH .. .18, 373-2 10-32 stainless nut RH .. .18, 374-1 # 10 .19, 374-2 1/4" . .25, 374-3 5/16" .. .28, 374-4 3/8" . .30, 375-3 5/16 x 1" .. .78, 375-1 1/4 x 1 " .59, 4012 Throttle stop knob .. 2.50, 373-3 10-32 steel nut LH . .88, 4016 Throttle return spring .. 8.95, 4020-R RH 10-32 heim . 8.60, 4020-L LH 10-32 heim .. 8.60, 372-1 8-32 stainless lock washer .. .14, 371-3 1" thread length . .36, 371-4 7/16" thread length .. .22, use for Barrel valve turnbuckle and other linkages, 671 Bug, Bird, BAU 20.57, 1471 Buzzard, BarnDoor .. 24.63, Gibbs1 Gibbs Lubricant 12 oz. Alkydigger Fuel Injection-Superchargers-Ignitions: Setting and Leakdown Reaction score. Linkage Kits. This metering system uses two return lines, each with a check valve. Enderle barrel valve adjustment question - FrontEngineDragsters.Org Enderle Fuel Injection by Good Vibrations Motorsports Our support after the sale has been considered to be worth more than the initial cost. To meet the class requirement, racers use oversize fuel pumps with inlet restrictions. fjs.parentNode.insertBefore(js, fjs); Enderle Fuel Injection vs Bill L Jones | Court Records - UniCourt Zoomie Headers. A jet restricts the flow and controls the amount of fuel delivered to the engine. design and needle bearings for smooth throttle operation. Some setups use two sets of nozzles. For nitro racing, that provides extra power at low engine-RPM from all of the oxygen in the nitro fuel mixture. }(document, 'script', 'facebook-jssdk')); We are typically open M-F Build your own custom newsletter with the content you love from EngineLabs, directly to your inbox, absolutely FREE! The barrel valve on this blown alcohol engine shown with additional fuel pathways for various drag race tuning functions: starting, burnout, staging, launch, and high speed lean-out. Have no fear. The engine goes rich, the cylinders go cold and the launch is junk. Includes steel swing-over hook clamp and Grade 8 socket bolts. Buy It Now. (i[r].q=i[r].q||[]).push(arguments)},i[r].l=1*new Date();a=s.createElement(o), Items and services provided by Koehler Injection are intended for off road use only. Injector can be sent back to Enderle and for $125.00 they will professionally install the linkage kit on an existing Bird injector. Racing mechanical fuel injection on an outrageous, supercharged nostalgia racing Ford sedan. ga('send', 'pageview'); Site Map | Performance Products | Pre-Owned Parts | Press Releases | Technical | Photo Gallery | Special Events | Contact Us, We STOCK the following performance race products: Aeromotive, Billet Connection, The Blower Shop (TBS), Control Cable, Deist Safety, DJ Safety, Enderle Fuel Injection, FIE, IMI Hi-Torque, JAZ Products, Lucas Oil, Mallory Ignition, Milodon, Prolong, SCE Gaskets, System 1 Filters, Total Seal Rings, Wilwood and XRP Plumbing. INSTALLATION IN ENDERLE BLOWN ALCOHOL INJECTOR PLEASE READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS BEFORE INSTALLING YOUR FUEL SYSTEM. Racers with a little bit of MFI knowledge regularly exceed extended performance goals. Throttle body or hat, to throttle the air. if (d.getElementById(id)) return; Will Call by One half to one turn should be ample. We carry an Extensive Line adroll_adv_id = "CUHVY3OLUVBZPJTAWUVLYM"; The idle speed is controlled by the butterfly shaft stops on each end of the butterfly shaft. _fbq.loaded = true; All logos and images are reserved. This site has been created & maintained by Good Vibrations Motorsports. For naturally aspirated setups on methanol with the proper 1-3 PSI idle check, 7% of the engine size is always danged close place to start. ((document.getElementsByTagName('head') || [null])[0] || ga('create', 'UA-214369-3', 'goodvibesracing.com'); Top Rated Seller. Additional components are added for air and throttle control for power modulation. The Enderle Fuel Injection product line includes Enderle Bugcatcher, Enderle Birdcatcher, Enderle 80A Fuel Pumps, Enderle 110 Fuel Pumps, Enderle BAU, Enderle Big & Ugly, Enderle Belt drives, Enderle Pills and Jets . fjs.parentNode.insertBefore(js, fjs); Urbana, IL USA 217-531-1770 M- F 9-5 CST Postal Money Order Site Map Enderle Tech GENERAL INSTALLATION When installing the injector on the Manifold tighten the bolts evenly to prevent distortion. var _onload = function(){ CLICK HERE for Tech Pages COMPONENTS Break Down if (!_fbq.loaded) { This connection between the spool and air valve normally includes an adjustable turnbuckle. Injector now can be powder coated to the color of choice made by the racer. Always set butterflies BEFORE you perform your leak down test. > Unrestricted Tunnel Ram Air Flow capacity (The tunnel ram alone can add 20-40 HP). "https://s.adroll.com" : "http://a.adroll.com"); The Feb. 2005 Rodders Digest has an article about doing a Hilborn mechanical fuel injection on a street driver. For tuning purposes, this is a fuel return circuit, usually with a jet restrictor. window._fbq.push(['track', 'PixelInitialized', {}]); Normal installations involve a fuel pump about 25- to 50-percent larger than the engine demand.