The Romanian view on 'regional micro-dtente', 196975", Rumnien, 23. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F3Y1dmq2Hmk, This is the only one that still works. 23 January] 1918 [1] - 25 December 1989) was a Romanian communist politician and dictator. A veritable amity links me to him."[88]. In some cases, if a woman was unable to visit a medical office, a doctor would visit her home.[23]. In 1989, GDP slumped by a further 5.8% due to growing shortages and the increasingly obsolete capital stock. The Olt County Service of National Archives holds excerpts from the catalogs of Scorniceti Primary School, which certifies that Nicolae A. Ceauescu passed the first grade with an average of 8.26 and the second grade with an average of 8.18, ranking third, in a class in which 25 students were enrolled. What do you mean by fake footage? To execute a massive redevelopment project during the rule of Nicolae Ceauescu, the government conducted extensive demolition of churches and many other historic structures in Romania. On 21 July 2010, forensic scientists exhumed the bodies to perform DNA tests to prove conclusively that they were indeed the remains of the Ceauescus. Elena Ceauescu was arranged to be "elected" to membership of a science academy in the US. EXECUTED ON CHRISTMAS DAY - Nicolae and Elena Ceauescu Pinstripes and Reds: An American Ambassador Caught Between the State Department & the Romanian Communists, 19811985 Washington, D.C.: Selous Foundation Press, 1987. My history teacher promised a perfect score to anyone who finds it. Extracts of the graphic 90-minute videotape were aired exclusively by the Believing that Milea had been murdered, rank-and-file soldiers switched sides to the revolution almost en masse. Find professional Nicolae Ceausescu Death videos and stock footage available for license in film, television, advertising and corporate uses. RM 2D592JY - A woman lights a candle at the grave of Romania's late dictator Nicolae Ceausescu in a Christmas Day vigil, in Bucharest December 25, marking his and his wife Elena's execution by firing squad during a violent uprising 10 years ago. By Alan Elsner, Contributor Gaining the public's confidence, Ceauescu took a clear stand against the 1968 crushing of the Prague Spring by Leonid Brezhnev. Much of the building remains empty, being larger than the Parliament needs, though Parliament shares it with three museums and an international conference center. Joel Robine/AFP/Getty Images. Similarly, Romania was the only Eastern Bloc country to attend the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles, which had been boycotted by the Soviets and the rest of their allies in response to the U.S.-led boycott of the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow. In June 1978, Ceauescu made a state visit to the UK where a 200m licensing agreement was signed between the Romanian government and British Aerospace for the production of more than eighty BAC One-Eleven aircraft. Computer & Elektronica. Speelgoed, Hobby & Feest. It was previously called The House of the People and The People's House. The evolution of his regime followed the path begun by Gheorghiu-Dej. May 19th, 2020 - the autobiography of nicolae ceausescu movie reviews amp metacritic score during the summary Few women ever sought to receive this status. This quasi-Maoist speech, which came to be known as the July Theses, contained seventeen proposals. MungiuPippidi, A. Press question mark to learn the rest of the keyboard shortcuts. or "Down with the tyrant!". In 1954, Ceauescu became a full member of the Politburo and eventually rose to occupy the second-highest position in the party hierarchy. This can be explained by the largely crude and syncretic character of the dogma. [32][33] Similarly, in 1983, Vice President of the United States George H. W. Bush and in 1985 United States Secretary of State George Shultz also praised the Romanian dictator.[34]. Ceauescu's attempts to implement policies that would lead to a significant growth of the population led to a growing number of unsafe abortions and increased the number of orphans in state institutions. According to historian Victor Sebestyen, it was one of the few days of the year when the average Romanian put on a happy face, since appearing miserable on this day was too risky to contemplate. At one point, their forcibly-assigned lawyers abandoned their clients' defence and joined with the prosecutor, accusing them of capital crimes instead of defending them. 1:26. 1995 was the last year in which Romania's economy was dominated by the state. The count increased rapidly until an estimated 64,000 fatalities were reported across front pages. Januar 1918 in Scorniceti; 25. Ratesh, N. (1991). No because he s alive and currently living in Cuba with 2pac, Man the house parties they must have with Michael Jackson and Adolf Hitler. Queen Elizabeth II also returned the insignia of the Order of the Star of the Socialist Republic of Romania that Ceauescu had bestowed upon her in 1978.[100]. Stia si de Canal, si de raderea satelor si orasele, si de oamenii impuscati doar ca nu tineau cu partidul unic. The systematization was a program of urban planning carried out by Ceauescu. Foto", "Cataloagele colare i autobiografia lui Nicolae Ceauescu, fcute publice de Arhivele Naionale", "L.A.'s greatest sports moments No. A two-star general, he was the highest ranking defector from the Eastern Bloc during the Cold War. This meant that the later 1980s were marked by a pronounced anti-Hungarian discourse, which owed more to nationalist tradition than to Marxism,[75] and the ultimate isolation of Romania on the world stage. Economic mismanagement due to failed oil ventures during the 1970s led to skyrocketing foreign debts for Romania. Foreign borrowing was resumed after, Commemorative Medal of the 5th Anniversary of the Republic of Romania, Commemorative Medal of the 35th Anniversary of the Liberation of Romania, Hero of Socialist Labour (Romania) (1964), Order of the Star of the Republic of Romania, Marian Oprea, "Au trecut 15 ani Conspiraia Securitii" ("15 Years Later: The Securitate Conspiracy"), in. He was also inspired by the personality cults of North Korea's Kim Il-sung and China's Mao Zedong. [48], A few days after the workers' revolt, Ctlin Bia, a student at the Faculty of Forestry, sat in front of the canteen with a placard that read: "The arrested workers must not die". Enticed with substantial bribes, the camp authorities gave the Communist prisoners much freedom in running their cell block, provided they did not attempt to break out of prison. He organised the 1986 military referendum and managed to change the constitution, adding a clause that barred Romania from taking foreign loans in the future. Praeger Publishers. Autobiografia lui Nicolae Ceausescu. Although Ceauescu had been nominal head of state since 1967, he had merely been first among equals on the State Council, deriving his real power from his status as party leader. Draconian restrictions were imposed on the household energy use to ensure an adequate supply for the industry. Ceauescu's political independence from the Soviet Union and his protest against the invasion of Czechoslovakia in 1968 drew the interest of Western powers, whose governments briefly believed that he was an anti-Soviet maverick and hoped to create a schism in the Warsaw Pact by funding him. On Christmas Day, 25 December 1989, the Ceauescus were tried before a court convened in a small room on orders of the National Salvation Front, Romania's provisional government. Ceausescu Execution Video Faked, Experts Say | AP News Do you have an example that you can share? [citation needed]. Romania as a major oil equipment producer greatly benefited from the high oil prices of the 1970s, which led Ceauescu to embark on an ambitious plan to invest heavily in oil-refining plants. DNA tests were able to conclusively prove his identity. One of his first acts was to change the name of the party from the Romanian Workers' Party back to the Communist Party of Romania and to declare the country a socialist republic, rather than a people's republic. The government targeted rising divorce rates, and made divorce more difficultit was decreed that marriages could only be dissolved in exceptional cases. Host virtual town halls, onboard and train employees, collaborate . Although the Soviet Union largely tolerated Ceauescu's recalcitrance, his seeming independence from Moscow earned Romania a maverick status within the Eastern Bloc.[13]. Several foreign decorations were revoked at the time of the collapse of Ceauescu's rule. Film of Ceausescu executions deepens debate on last hours - Tampa Bay Times Kemenici declares that during the December 22-25 1989, in Romania there were more power centers that claimed priority over the life or death of the Ceausescu couple. Economic growth allowed for higher salaries which, combined with the benefits offered by the state (free medical care, pensions, free universal education at all levels, etc.) Platforma permite cutri avansate i ofer posibilitatea de a descrca coninutul publicaiilor n format pdf. [citation needed] Romania proclaimed itself a "Socialist" (in place of "People's") Republic to show that it was fulfilling Marxist goals without Moscow's oversight. From 1996 onwards, the private sector would account for most of Romania's GDP. Romania, a country famous for its beautiful landscapes, rich history and awesome people. [citation needed] Ceauescu found himself briefly aligned with Dubek's Czechoslovakia and Josip Broz Tito's Yugoslavia. Starting with the 197374 Arab oil embargo against the West, a period of prolonged high oil prices set in that characterised the rest of the 1970s. Ceauescu attempted to include his views in mainstream Marxist theory, to which he added his belief in a "multilaterally developed Socialist society" as a necessary stage between the Leninist concepts of Socialist and Communist societies (a critical view reveals that the main reason for the interval is the disappearance of the State and Party structures in Communism). Nicolae Ceausescu - Death, Romania & Wife - Biography He directed the construction of the Palace of the Parliament in Bucharest, which broke ground in June 1984. Participants later claimed to have chanted slogans such as "Down with Ceauescu! He was very displeased when other Warsaw Pact countries decided to try their own versions of Gorbachev's reforms. France granted Nicolae Ceauescu the Legion of Honour. This nationalist policy had more timid precedents:[69] for example, Gheorghiu-Dej had overseen the withdrawal of the Red Army in 1958. Spontaneous labor conflicts, limited in scale, took place in major industrial centers such as Cluj-Napoca (November 1986) and the Nicolina platform in Iai (February 1987), culminating in a massive strike in Braov. [80] In line with his policy of keeping a faade of "popular democracy", he also ordered large rallies for peace to be held. But what led to this egregious event, asks. Trial and Execution: The Dramatic Deaths of Nicolae and Elena Ceausescu [12] It was Ceauescu's time at Trgu Jiu that marked the beginning of his rise to power. Nicolae Ceausescu met future Romanian leader Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej in prison, and succeeded him after his death in 1965. Employee communication. [28] Over time, he usurped many powers and functions that nominally were vested in the State Council as a whole.[29]. 1990 58 m IMDb RATING 9.2 /10 29 YOUR RATING Rate Documentary Drama The story of the events that led up to the revolt against, overthrow and eventual execution of murderous longtime Romanian dictator Nicolae Ceaucescu. Romania 1989: Ceauescu goes down in blood - archive, 1989 After examining a 90-minute tape shown last week on French television, the scientists doubt the official claim that the couple was killed by firing squad. North Korean books on Juche were translated into Romanian and widely distributed inside the country.[26]. VIDEO 216 Nicolae Ceausescu Death Premium High Res Photos Browse 216 nicolae ceausescu death stock photos and images available, or start a new search to explore more stock photos and images. I'm no expert and please correct me if I'm wrong. This is our little Romanian corner of Reddit! The building was completed in 1997, after Ceauescu's death in 1989. Greensboro News And Record, 13 January 1990 (Updated 28 January 2015). According to Alexandru Budistenu, former chief architect of Bucharest, "The sight of a church bothered Ceauescu. E doar o chestiune de nivel estetic, dac el se cheam Baudelaire sau Bolintineanu, Ludovic al XVI-lea sau Nicolae Ceauescu", spune Andrei Ujic, regizorul filmului. In 1974, Ceauescu converted his post of president of the State Council to a full-fledged executive presidency. [89] It is also the heaviest building in the world, being constructed of 700,000 tonnes of steel and bronze, a million square feet of marble, and large amounts of crystal and wood. Create and promote branded videos, host live events and webinars, and more. Obituaries: Eugeniu Iordachescu, Romanian engineer who saved condemned churches under communist rule, dies at 89. Mai vechi ca el erau . Nicolae Ceauescu i proiectul tratatului de istoria Romniei Home; Movie Posters; Tv Posters; Stars; Trailers; Free Photos; Lists; Search forums + Register Login. When Gheorghiu-Dej died on 19 March 1965, Ceauescu was not the obvious successor despite his closeness to the longtime leader. The Ceauescus were held by the police while the policemen listened to the radio. Ceauescu's Romania was the only Warsaw Pact country that did not sever diplomatic relations with Chile after Augusto Pinochet's coup. His secret police, the Securitate, was responsible for mass surveillance as well as severe repression and human rights abuses within the country, and controlled the media and press. [citation needed] The 1977 earthquake which destroyed much of Bucharest also led to delays in the oil plan. He was joined by colleagues Lucian Silaghi and Horia erban. Many of the children in these orphanages were rejected due to mental and physical deficiencies. Starring: Nicolae Ceausescu, Elena Ceausescu. . In 1982, Ceauescu directed the government to export much of the country's agricultural and industrial production in an effort to repay these debts. He also became eager to be seen as an enlightened international statesman, able to mediate in international conflicts, and to gain international respect for Romania. Acest premiu i-a revenit directorului de imagine Barbu Bloiu. The rioters, however, were no match for the military apparatus concentrated in Bucharest, which cleared the streets by midnight and arrested hundreds of people in the process. 'Shameful but necessary': How the Romanian rulers who starved their He immediately attracted Western sympathies and backing, which lasted well beyond the 'liberal' phase of his rule; at the same time, the period brought forward the threat of armed Soviet invasion: significantly, many young men inside Romania joined the Patriotic Guards created on the spur of the moment, in order to meet the perceived threat. Honorary degrees from the University of Bucharest (1973), Lebanese University (1974), University of Buenos Aires (1974), Autonomous University of Yucatn (1975), University of Nice Sophia Antipolis (1975), University of the Philippines (1975), University of Liberia (1988) and Kim Il-sung University North Korea (1988). Ceausescu regime's - Traduo em portugus - exemplos ingls | Reverso Romanian Dictator Nicolae and Elena Ceausescu Execution most - YouTube [14] Ceauescu ultimately negotiated a compromise solution to the strike. Ceausescu execution hi-res stock photography and images - Alamy Credea cu tarie. El era printre membrii fondatori ai partidului comunist. In an attempt to correct this, Ceauescu decided to repay Romania's foreign debts. PDF Nicolae Ceausescu Eine Biographie 4 Auflage 2017 By Thomas Kunze Hi! The motion entirely ignored the Romani. The film explores the image of the Romanian dictator Nicolae Ceausescu using unknown official footage from the Romanian National Television and National Film Archives. Getty Images offers exclusive rights-ready and premium royalty-free analog, HD, and 4K video of the highest quality. It also started adding Dacian or Roman versions to the names of cities and towns (Drobeta to Turnu Severin, Napoca to Cluj). [66], While the term Ceauism became widely used inside Romania,[citation needed] usually as a pejorative, it never achieved status in academia. [22], The social and economic transformations resulted in improved living conditions for Romanians. After the death of his parents, Nicu Ceauescu ordered the construction of an Orthodox church, the walls of which are decorated with portraits of his parents. The Ceauescus were executed by a gathering of soldiers: Captain Ionel Boeru, Sergeant-Major Georghin Octavian and Dorin-Marian Crlan,[57] while reportedly hundreds of others also volunteered. In the late 1940s-early 1950s, the Party had been divided into the "home communists" headed by Gheorghiu-Dej who remained inside Romania prior to 1944 and the "Muscovites" who had gone into exile in the Soviet Union. [48], During the Ceauescu regime, the Romani were largely neglected. [36] The policy to repayand, in multiple cases, prepayRomania's external debt became the dominant policy in the late 1980s. ", "We want food for the children! Initially, the protests were for basic needs: "We want food and heating! Strict ideological conformity in the humanities and social sciences was demanded. The main architect of the building was Anca Petrescu (19492013), who began her work on this building when she was 28 years old. "[citation needed] He tried to silence them by raising his right hand and calling for the crowd's attention before order was temporarily restored, then proceeded to announce social benefit reforms that included raising the national minimum wage by 200 lei per month to a total of 2,200 per month by 1 January. [9] He studied at the village school until the age of 11, when he left for Bucharest. Elena Ceausescu, Self: Romania: Death of a Dictator. He spoke of the achievements of the "Socialist revolution" and Romania's "multi-laterally developed Socialist society". He initially lived with his sister, Niculina Rusescu. It was on Christmas Day 30 years ago that Romania's tyrannical communist dictator Nicolae Ceausescu was executed by firing squad after a summary trial. As part of a propaganda ploy arranged by the Ceauescus through the consular cultural attachs of Romanian embassies,[citation needed] they managed to receive orders and titles from numerous states and institutions. Filmarile au fost realizate in perioada august-octombrie 1945 la Petrosani, Timisoara, Craiova, Ploiesti si Bucuresti. The entire medium- and long-term external debt was repaid. Careful though, there is one fake where two people dressed like them walk away. After World War II, when Romania was beginning to fall under Soviet influence, Ceauescu served as secretary of the Union of Communist Youth (19441945). Convertible currency exports were promoted at all costs and imports were severely compressed. This allowed Romanians to act as peasants and workers at the same time. lekker winkelen zonder zorgen. / i; * 26. Ceauism's main trait was a form of Romanian nationalism,[68] one which arguably propelled Ceauescu to power in 1965, and probably accounted for the Party leadership under Ion Gheorghe Maurer choosing him over the more orthodox Gheorghe Apostol. Thanks for the reply! The new post, however, made him the nation's top decision-maker both in name and in fact. Nicolae Ceausescu | Biography, Death, & Facts | Britannica Filmul despre Ceauescu este descris drept un melanj experimental de documentar i ficiune, un portret al noii generaii n ncercarea de a gsi motivaia din spatele aciunilor tnrului Nicolae Ceauescu, acum cnd acceptarea social i dorina de a fi . Czechoslovak President Gustv Husk's resignation on 10 December 1989 amounted to the fall of the Communist regime in Czechoslovakia, leaving Ceauescu's Romania as the only remaining hard-line Communist regime in the Warsaw Pact.[50][51][52]. (eds) Mental Maps in the Era of Dtente and the End of the Cold War 196891. Upon his rise to power, he eased press censorship and openly condemned the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia in his speech on 21 August 1968, which resulted in a surge in popularity. The Official Website of the British Monarchy: General Secretary of the Romanian Communist Party, Trial and execution of Nicolae and Elena Ceauescu, policies that would lead to a significant growth of the population, Politburo of the Central Committee of the Romanian Workers Party, Learn how and when to remove this template message, Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath, Knight Grand Cross of the Most Honourable Order of the Bath, Order of the Star of the Socialist Republic of Romania, Order of the Liberator General San Martn, Great Star of Honour for Services to the Republic of Austria, Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany, 2500th Anniversary of the founding of the Persian Empire, Jubilee Medal "Thirty Years of Victory in the Great Patriotic War 19411945", International Relations Institute of Rome, "Ceauescu, ntre legend i adevr: data naterii i alegerea numelui de botez", "Nicolae Ceauescu president of Romania", "Ceauescu looked in my eyes and he knew that he was going to die", "Unul dintre cele mai bine pzite secrete nainte de 1989: data real a naterii lui Nicolae Ceauescu. [14] When Ceauescu appeared before the miners on the third day of the strike, he was greeted (in the words of the British historian Richard Crampton) " once again la polonaise, with cries of 'Down with the Red Bourgeoisie!'". They faced charges including illegal gathering of wealth and genocide. Din lunga serie de seriale realizate de HBO n Romnia, Spy/Master are toate ansele s atrag mai mult atenie, pentru c i readuce la via pe Nicolae i . Autobiografia lui Nicolae Ceausescu | Netflix [77] Ceauescu made efforts to act as a mediator between the PLO and Israel. I know theres a movie with fake footage out there but my teacher says there is a real video. [citation needed] In a 1972 speech, Ceauescu stated he wanted "a certain blending of party and state activities in the long run we shall witness an ever closer blending of the activities of the party, state and other social bodies". 3: 1984 Olympics opening", "Upheaval in the East: Romania's AIDS Babies: A Legacy of Neglect", "Nine controversial state visits to the UK", "Goodwin joins Mugabe, Mussolini and Ceausescu in gang of disgraced figures", "U.S. Shares Blame Government Ignored Romania's Abused, "Statistical Abstract of the United States", "Country Reports on Economic Policy and Trade Practices: Report Submitted to the Committee on Foreign Affairs, Committee on Ways and Means of the U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on Foreign Relations, Committee on Finance of the U.S. Senate by the Department of State, in Accordance with Section 2202 of the Omnibus Trade Competitiveness Act of 1988", "Upheaval in the East; Hard-Line Czech President to Quit And Dissident Is Seen as Successor", "Ceausescu looked in my eyes and he knew that he was going to die", "In Romania, Ceausescu's death haunts Christmas", "Ceausescu execution 'avoided mob lynching', "DECRET-LEGE nr.6 din 7 ianuarie 1990 pentru abolirea pedepsei cu moartea, pentru modificarea i abrogarea unor prevederi din Codul penal i alte acte normative", "Nicolae Ceausescu exhumed 'wearing his black winter coat', "Reports: DNA Tests Confirm Ceausescu's Remains", "Exhumed body in Romania is Nicolae Ceausescu", "Palace of the damned dictator: The Ceausescu trail", "A lost chance for Balkan cooperation? For years, nearly all official photographs of him showed him in his late 40s. The one on you tube is pretty damn real. child abandonment became commonplace and a considerable number of women either died or were maimed from clandestine . [13] The Romanian Communist Party disappeared soon afterwards; unlike its kindred parties in the former Soviet bloc, it has never been revived. [25] Shortly after returning home, he began to emulate North Korea's system. Autobiografia lui Ceauescu" de Andrei Ujic, la Digi24 From this moment on, the protest became political. Director Andrei Ujica Writer Andrei Ujica Stars Nicolae Ceausescu (archive footage) Elena Ceausescu (archive footage) Stefan Andrei (archive footage) On the next day, 21 December, Ceauescu staged a mass meeting in Bucharest. Autobiografia lui Nicolae Ceauescu (2010) - CineMagia.ro [49], Under the regime, the Romani were excluded from the list of "co-inhabiting nationalities" which was drafted by it, and as a result, they lacked any representation as an ethnic group in the government. Ceauescu repeatedly denied the court's authority to try him, and asserted he was still legally the President of Romania. If the world waits for the Ceauescus to do such a thing, imperialism will live for tens of thousands of years"[86] According to Pacepa, Libyan leader Muammar Gadaffi had an opposite interpretation, allegedly saying, "My brother! "Palace of the damned dictator: On the trail of Ceausescu in Bucharest", "Official communique of the National Board of the Audio-Visual", "In Romania, Opinion Polls Show Nostalgia for Communism", "Noul Partid Comunist Romn, condus de un ofer de taxi", "SONDAJ. You are my brother for the rest of my life!". As anti-government protesters demonstrated in Timioara in December 1989, he perceived the demonstrations as a political threat and ordered military forces to open fire on 17 December, causing many deaths and injuries. [citation needed], The most important day of the year during Ceauescu's rule was his official birthday, 26 Januarya day which saw Romanian media saturated with praise for him. All Nicolae Ceausescu Movie Posters,High res movie posters image for Nicolae Ceausescu, Nicolae Ceausescu Photos. These demands were denied by the government. Elena and Nicolae were leaned against the wall and shot dead. Biblioteca Digital a Publicaiilor Culturale conine o colecie de periodice i cri romneti din domeniul tiinelor umaniste i sociale, editate de instituii publice de cultur. Ceausescu la Targoviste, Domenico interviews General Andrei Kemenici, the one who held Nicolae and Elena Ceausescu in custody, at the Targoviste garrison. It was written by Tom Bailey and Greg Jameson, with songs by Allan Stelmach, and depicted Nicolae and Elena Ceauescu and their son Valentin in a piece of meta musical theatre that was also a comment upon celebrity culture and the role social media and political correctness play in creating social pariahs.[99]. Nicolae Ceausescu | GoldPoster ProEuropeana este un proiect al Institutului Naional al Patrimoniului. [citation needed]. As an . 2010 | Categorie de vrst: 13+ | 3 h | Filme documentare. At a meeting between the two, Gorbachev upbraided Ceauescu for his inflexible attitude. This was still the case even after representation increased for other minorities such as Hungarians and Germans. The Autobiography of Nicolae Ceausescu (2010) - IMDb The first protests began practically on November 14, 1987, at the 440 "Molds" Section of the Red Flag truck company. Immediately thereafter, Ceauescu presided over the CPEx (Political Executive Committee) meeting and assumed the leadership of the army. What follows, then, could be construed as a lengthy flashback. Hey thanks for your reply! [14] In the years after the strike, a number of its leaders died of accidents and "premature disease". Many believe that Ceauescu's death played a role in influencing Mobutu to "democratise" Zare in 1990.[79]. Nicolae Ceauescu [nikolae teauesku] (Aussprache? The manner in which the trial was conducted has been criticised. before and after the firing: https://youtu.be/KKyyYbMx6YM. He was empowered to carry out those functions of the State Council that did not require plenums. [92] Nevertheless, according to opinion polls held in 2010, 41% of Romanians would vote for Ceauescu[93][94] and 63% think that their lives were better before 1989.